When Democracy Died

 The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in Switzerland in July 1923, officially settled the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied forces. Not only did the Treaty establish the borders of the modern Turkish republic, but it also defined boundaries, political systems, and understandings of citizenship in the newly formed post-Ottoman nation-states. Here, Hans-Lukas Kieser recounts how the eight dramatic months of the Lausanne Conference concluded more than ten years of war and genocide in the late Ottoman Empire. Crucially, the Treaty was in favour of a homogeneous Turkish state in Asia Minor and became the basis for the compulsory 'unmixing of people' that facilitated the persecution of minority groups, including Armenians, Kurds, and Arabs. Not only did this significant yet oft-overlooked treaty mark the end of the League of Nations' project of self-determination and security for small peoples, but it was crucial in shaping the modern Middle East, and dictatorships in Turkey and Europe.

Review: 'Rather than viewing the Treaty of Lausanne from the perspective of the victorious founders of the Turkish Republic, this critical study examines the Treaty from that of its losers. Kieser convincingly argues that the Treaty legalized and rewarded ethnic cleansing; sounded the death-knell for democratic self-determination; and ushered in extreme nationalist, authoritarian rule in Turkey.' Marc Baer, London School of Economics
'This study gives an original interpretation of the Lausanne Treaty. It allows us to understand the emergence of the two new regimes of the post-Great War period: fascism in Italy and Kemalism in Turkey, which, together with the Bolshevik Soviet Union, considered themselves to be the pillars of an antidemocratic age to come.' Hamit Bozarslan, EHESS, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Paris
'Kieser offers an important corrective to histories of modern Turkey. He shows that 'colonialism' is not the only process to blame for the Middle East's anti-democratic tradition, and that Europe owes some of its interwar fascism and ultranationalism to the Lausanne Conference. The Lausanne Treaty, the book shows, reads like a manual on how to get away with genocide. Germany was watching.' Lerna Ekmekcioglu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology